Quickstart: building a synthetic control with Synth

This vignette is the five-minute version: how to build, fit, and inspect a synthetic control with Synth. For inference (prediction intervals, placebo p-values), see vignette("inference", package = "Synth").

1. Build the inputs

The recommended path for new users is synth_data() — a one-line wrapper around dataprep() that picks sensible defaults. We use the canonical Basque-country example (Abadie & Gardeazabal 2003).

library(Synth)
data(basque)

dp <- synth_data(
  panel              = basque,
  outcome            = "gdpcap",
  unit_col           = "regionno",
  time_col           = "year",
  treated            = 17,                              # Basque country
  controls           = c(2:16, 18),                     # other regions
  treatment_time     = 1970,
  predictors         = c("school.illit", "school.prim",
                         "invest"),
  special_predictors = list(
    list("gdpcap",          1960:1969,           "mean"),
    list("sec.agriculture", seq(1961, 1969, 2),  "mean")
  ),
  unit_names_col     = "regionname"
)
#> 
#>  Missing data- treated unit; predictor: school.illit ; for period: 1955 
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#>  Missing data - control unit: 16 ; predictor: school.illit ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 16 ; predictor: school.illit ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 16 ; predictor: school.illit ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 16 ; predictor: school.illit ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: school.illit ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: school.illit ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: school.illit ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: school.illit ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: school.illit ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: school.illit ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: school.illit ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: school.illit ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: school.illit ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 2 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 2 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 2 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 2 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 2 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 2 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 2 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 2 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 2 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 3 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 3 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 3 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 3 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 3 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 3 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 3 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 3 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 3 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 4 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 4 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 4 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 4 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 4 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 4 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 4 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 4 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 4 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 5 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 5 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 5 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 5 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 5 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 5 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 5 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 5 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 5 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 6 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 6 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 6 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 6 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 6 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 6 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 6 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 6 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 6 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 7 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 7 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 7 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 7 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 7 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 7 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 7 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 7 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 7 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 8 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 8 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 8 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 8 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 8 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 8 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 8 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 8 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 8 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 9 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 9 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 9 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 9 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 9 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 9 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 9 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 9 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 9 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 10 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 10 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 10 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 10 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 10 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 10 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 10 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 10 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 10 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 11 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 11 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 11 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 11 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 11 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 11 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 11 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 11 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 11 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 12 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 12 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 12 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 12 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 12 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 12 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 12 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 12 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 12 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 13 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 13 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 13 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 13 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 13 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 13 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 13 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 13 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 13 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 14 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 14 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 14 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 14 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 14 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 14 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 14 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 14 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 14 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 15 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 15 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 15 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 15 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 15 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 15 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 15 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 15 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 15 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 16 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 16 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 16 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 16 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 16 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 16 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 16 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 16 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 16 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: school.prim ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 2 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 2 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 2 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 2 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 2 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 2 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 2 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 2 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 2 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 3 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 3 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 3 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 3 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 3 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 3 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 3 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 3 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 3 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 4 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 4 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 4 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 4 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 4 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 4 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 4 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 4 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 4 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 5 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 5 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 5 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 5 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 5 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 5 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 5 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 5 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 5 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 6 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 6 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 6 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 6 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 6 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 6 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 6 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 6 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 6 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 7 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 7 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 7 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 7 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 7 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 7 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 7 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 7 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 7 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 8 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 8 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 8 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 8 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 8 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 8 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 8 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 8 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 8 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 9 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 9 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 9 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 9 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 9 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 9 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 9 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 9 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 9 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 10 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 10 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 10 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 10 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 10 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 10 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 10 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 10 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 10 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 11 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 11 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 11 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 11 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 11 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 11 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 11 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 11 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 11 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 12 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 12 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 12 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 12 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 12 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 12 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 12 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 12 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 12 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 13 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 13 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 13 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 13 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 13 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 13 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 13 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 13 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 13 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 14 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 14 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 14 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 14 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 14 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 14 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 14 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 14 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 14 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 15 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 15 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 15 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 15 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 15 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 15 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 15 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 15 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 15 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 16 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 16 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 16 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 16 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 16 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 16 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 16 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 16 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 16 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1955 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1956 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1957 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1958 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1959 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1960 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1961 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1962 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.
#> 
#>  Missing data - control unit: 18 ; predictor: invest ; for period: 1963 
#>  We ignore (na.rm = TRUE) all missing values for predictors.op.

synth_data() returns a dataprep-shaped list, so anything downstream (synth(), path.plot(), synth_inference(), etc.) works exactly like the long-form dataprep() output.

If you need full control over the column-by-column construction, ?dataprep is still there.

2. Fit the synthetic control

fit <- synth(dp, verbose = FALSE)

fit$solution.w is the donor weights (sum to 1, all in [0, 1]). fit$solution.v is the predictor weights chosen by the V-search.

3. Inspect

synth.tab() produces a balance table comparing the treated unit to its synthetic control on each predictor:

tabs <- synth.tab(synth.res = fit, dataprep.res = dp)
tabs$tab.pred
#>                                    Treated Synthetic Sample Mean
#> school.illit                        39.888    85.079     170.786
#> school.prim                       1031.742  1103.505    1127.186
#> invest                              24.647    20.293      21.424
#> special.gdpcap.1960.1969             5.285     5.286       3.581
#> special.sec.agriculture.1961.1969    6.844     7.727      21.353

path.plot() shows the treated unit and its synthetic control over time:

path.plot(synth.res = fit, dataprep.res = dp,
          Ylab = "Real per-capita GDP",
          Xlab = "Year",
          Legend = c("Basque country", "Synthetic Basque country"),
          tr.intake = 1970)

gaps.plot() shows the gap (treated minus synthetic):

gaps.plot(synth.res = fit, dataprep.res = dp,
          Ylab = "Gap in GDP per capita",
          Xlab = "Year",
          tr.intake = 1970)

4. What next?

For prediction intervals around the synthetic counterfactual, see ?synth_inference and vignette("inference", package = "Synth").
For placebo-based inference (Abadie–Diamond–Hainmueller 2010), see ?generate_placebos and ?mspe_test.
For ggplot2-friendly plots, library(ggplot2) and call autoplot() on the inference / placebo objects.
For the long-form constructor, see ?dataprep.